The cultural-competence model Essay Example for Free

The cultural-competence model Essay The cultural-competence model was described by Campinha-Bacote’s in the year 1998. This model becomes more and more applicable in a culturally diverse society. As more and more people are migrating, the need for becoming cultural competent is arising (Lopes, 2001). Campinha-Bacote defined cultural-competence as a course wherein the healthcare personnel makes a continuous attempt to function efficiently with reference to the cultural outlook of his/her customers, patients, community or family, which he/she serves. This model specifically applies to nurses, so that they could gradually become culturally competent, rather than being competent culturally. According to this model, there are five elements of cultural competence, which include cultural awareness, cultural skill, cultural knowledge, cultural encounters and cultural desires (ASKED). All these elements have to be addressed independently, but a strong interrelationship exists. Once, a healthcare personnel addresses or experiences one of these elements, he/she would also have to look into the other elements. As a strong and complex interrelationship exists, the process of becoming culturally competent is very dynamic and multivariate (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). Now let us look into each of these elements of cultural competence. 1. Cultural awareness or cultural humility – It is a procedure by which the healthcare personnel become responsive, approving and polite with practices, beliefs, emotions, values and the problems faced by the client belonging to a different culture. Beliefs and biases that exist about an alien culture should be removed. Ethno-centralism (unawareness of other cultures) should be removed and ethno-relativism (attitude to respect other cultures) should be enabled. Cultural awareness is very important, as it would help present any imposition of one’s beliefs, attitudes and practices on individuals belonging to other cultures. This helps to recognize and address important problems that people have during treatment (such as pain) (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). 2. Cultural knowledge – The healthcare personnel should be able to identify the patient’s outlook. Cultural differences should be recognized. A person, who is undergoing rehabilitation for a particular disease, would be seeking more meaning to their condition. There is an important relationship that people develop when they are affected with a particular disease, and it is responsibility of the healthcare personnel to identify this meaning and accordingly interact with the patient. There are 4 processes when cultural knowledge is acquired. These include unconscious incompetence (unawareness that one lacks cultural knowledge of another individual), conscious incompetence (awareness that one lacks cultural knowledge of another individual), conscious competence (process of intentionally learning about another individual’s culture and becoming culturally more responsive) and unconscious competence (unawareness of becoming culturally more accommodative). In the beginning, the healthcare personnel would not be aware of their lack of cultural knowledge of the patient’s culture. Slowly, the healthcare personnel would become more and more aware that they are lacking knowledge. Once this deficiency is recognized, automatically the personnel would be trying to gain more and more knowledge. Slowly, the personnel would be gaining knowledge and would be aware of the process. In the last process, the personnel would be unaware of the knowledge he/she is gaining (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). 3. Cultural encounters – Cultural encounters is a process by which interactions with individuals belonging to other cultures is held so that the process of gaining cultural knowledge is enabled. As the saying goes, â€Å"practice makes perfect†, in the same way, getting exposed to another individual’s culture would result in gaining more and more knowledge. When cultural encounters are enabled, verbal responses are generated and several verbal and non-verbal messages are sent across. In the beginning, the process of cultural encounters would be very difficult and negative. With time, as more and more cultural knowledge is gained, the process would become easy and more positive (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). 4. Cultural Skill – It is the capability of accessing appropriate cultural information. The healthcare personnel should have the skill and the ability to know more about the patient’s history, clinical information, etc. Several assessment instruments are currently available which could help the personnel to acquire such knowledge. The personnel should be able to question the patients in an appropriate format so that a strong feedback is obtained. Whilst this process is going on, the personnel should be culturally responsive. They should give a lot of importance to the emotions, values, beliefs and attitudes of the patient, however unreasonable it may seem to be (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). 5. Cultural desires – This is some kind of a motivational force that instigates the healthcare personnel to become more and more cultural competent. This would enable improvements in the standards of care provided to individuals belonging to a foreign culture. The personnel should be willing to work for clients that belong from a culturally diverse background. Although, the learning curve may be very steep, it would be a very interesting challenge to meet. Besides, the satisfaction gained by becoming more and more culturally competent is impeccable (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). Once the process of cultural competence is enabled, automatically a culture habit would be enabled in the healthcare organization. The cultural habits are the junction at which the five elements of cultural competence (that is ‘ASKED’) would meet. Some of the barriers that could exist with relation to cultural competence include: 1. Poor awareness of the other individual’s culture (the differences that exist in the culture should be addressed, so that the healthcare personnel could become more and more culturally competent). 2. The healthcare personnel would be unaware of the needs and the expectations of the patient (this results in cancelled appointments and failure of the treatment). Hence, it is important to become culturally more responsive and change negative attitudes towards individuals belonging to other cultures. 3. Freedom of expression of one’s feelings and emotions should be permitted during cultural interactions (Lopes, 2001). References: Campinha-Bacote, J. (2001), A model of practice to address cultural competence in rehabilitation nursing, Rehabilitation Nursing, 26(1), 8-11. Campinha-Bacote, J. (2003, January 31), Many Faces: Addressing Diversity in Health Care, Retrieved on July 22, 2007, from Nursing World Website: http://www. nursingworld. org/ojin/topic20/tpc20_2. htm Lopes, A. S. (2001, April 12-15), Student National Medical Association Cultural Competency Position statement, Retrieved on July 22, 2007, from Nursing World Website: http://www. snma. org/downloads/snma_cultural_competency. pdf

L’Oreal Case Study Essay -- Business Marketing

L’Oreal Introduction     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   L’Oreal is the largest cosmetics company in the world. It shouldn’t be a surprise that L’Oreal doesn’t sell all of its product lines in every market in which it sells, and the market in the Netherlands is no exception. Upper management of the Netherlands’ L’Oreal subsidiary have to make decisions on which product lines will succeed in their respective market and which ones will falter. In this particular case, L’Oreal needs to decide if it would like to introduce Garneir product lines such as the Synergie skin care line and the Belle Couleur permanent hair colorants line into the Netherlands market. The basic problem is whether or not to introduce these lines into the Dutch market. Situation Audit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Netherlands, unlike in France, L’Oreal and Garneir are both sold under the same sales force. This must be taken into consideration considering that L’Oreal has products in both hair colorants (Recital) and in skin care (Plenitude). Fortunately, the Dutch market maybe able to handle both of these product lines from L’Oreal and Garneir if it is felt that they could both be profitable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking at the Dutch market, the most surprising thing is the youth of population. 40% of the population is under the age of 25. This is an important demographic stat because a lot of younger women are the ones who use cosmetics, but it is important to note that the fastest growing populations are those of age 25 and older which might be important to the market of hair colorants. Another interesting trend is the number of Dutch women who work outside the home with a labor force rate of 29% and it is increasing more rapidly than those of other countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. This is very interesting because these women will have more money, independence, and self-confidence. In these terms, these women will more than likely use more cosmetics because of the increase in time that they spend outside of the home. A final insight into the Dutch market shows that Dutch women tend to shop for value, especially in cosmetics, which needs to be taken into account. The overall Dutch market looks somewhat promising to the introduction of Synergie and Belle Couleur lines, but other factors must also be looked at.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the overall Dutch market is important in the analysis, the product markets might give a be... ...o use our product because they are out in public and they also have more money to spend on things such as cosmetics. The Dutch women in this market need the Synergie line to give off the idea of a self-concept that can relate our brand image to their needs as a workingwoman. An idea for the advertising campaign could be â€Å"You’re working the hardest, shouldn’t you look the best too!† While this product line is marketed towards the workingwoman, the L’Oreal product Plenitude could be marketed towards keeping a youthful look with its ability to delay the signs of aging. The best bet for the profitability of both products is to effectively find a certain image that each consumer can identify herself with. With this, I believe that both products can succeed in the same market and both can have the potential to have large market shares. Bibliography Datamonitor, Feb. 2004. Haircare In The Netherlands. Retrieved on April 23, 2005. http://dbic.datamonitor.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/industries/industry/?iid=Haircare Datamonitor, Feb. 2004. Makeup In The Netherlands. Retrieved on April 23, 2005. http://dbic.datamonitor.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/industries/industry/?iid=Skincare

Final study guide peds

Monitor & Co's for balance, Dally weights most Important. Nutrition fluids/delete/internal (gut) feedings/TIP. Medications admit protocol, path, meds dioxin *ion chromo, toxicity =n/v, halo, labs 0. 5-Eng, apical HER. Watch K+ levels(3. 5-5. 5) don't give if hypo because ? Diuretics, morphine Protocols for giving meds to children know weight, give parents s/s side effects, don't regime meds if child thru it up because you don't know how much they got, parents need to know the dos/don't of medications.Don't tell them Its candy. Always start off with your first action being nursing. Example position before 02. Respiratory-remember everything is smaller Nose breathers till 6 weeks(? ) NSA assessment D, nose flaring, grunting, nasal flaring, anxiety (restlessness fidgety or listlessness), tachyon, sweating, BAG, 02 stats.. Interventions position increase head of bed, suction, 02, medication, do in that order. Care of tracheotomy. Know NC, blow by, mask. .NET, et as far as 02 methods. Nur sing care management Pre-pop Postoperative Care Positioning -prone with head turned to the side Careful suctioning, only if necessary NO coughing, clearing throat, blowing nose Inspect all vomits for s/s fresh bleeding Pain management Entitlement as needed Cool water, ice pops no red or brown colored liquids C] No milk or ice cream Neuron Always a change in LOC is right unless it's already In the question. Especially with ICP. Know fontanels.For MS focus on the word document on EBB Corollary Increase In growth hormone after bones have closed C.V.- cardiac defects cyanic ?hyperemia & agnostic= not as severe hyperemia as cyanic pale TWOFOLD, AAA, AS, AURA SODA atrium VOSS ventricle construes aorta PDA closure DAD HP For all of this know top 3 AND, measles, BBC, nursing and perfusion(C)) positioning semi or high fowlers, decrease HOB if in shock or if crease BP to get blood back to the heart. Monitor I & Co's for balance, Daily weights most important.

Social And Economical Factors On Youth Essay - 1535 Words

I have chosen to research into the social and economical factors that may influence a youth’s likelihood to engage in delinquency as I believe that understanding the factors underpinning youth offending may help to reduce youth crime levels, as preventive measures can be aimed at the distinct root causes recognised. I have chosen to particularly look at the link between the social factor of education in terms of low school attainment and the wider effect on the economy through looking at youth unemployment and offending. I believe these social and economical factors are inextricably linked therefore I hypothesise that low school attainment leads to increases in youth crime levels due to youths not acquiring the necessary skills to allow a successful entrance to the labour market. Methodology: In carrying out this literature review I have engaged in secondary research in order to provide me with significant qualitative and quantitative data on this given topic. I collected a range of sources through library searches where I aimed to research previous studies through the use of the internet to access online resources, books and journals. Upon doing so I found a few books that encompassed the social and economical factors I specifically chose to review although I found many websites that had information on the social economical factors that may affect delinquency. Findings: Education Low school attainment: All sources reviewed agreed that there is a correlationShow MoreRelatedLife Course Development Theory Studies Growth and Adaptation879 Words   |  3 Pagesspecifically focusing on child development and that didn’t relate to a developing organism in adult stages. This theory takes into account factors like cohort effects, the individual’s location (which can effect issues like obtaining an education), and transitions and life events. 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