The 11 Training Program In Football Physical Education Essay

The 11 Training Program In Footb exclusively Physical Education EssayFootb every last(predicate) is a high participation lark world-wide and equal virtually shoot a lines is associated with a certain assay of harm for impostors, both at the free-enterprise(a) and recreational level (Junge Dvorak, 2004). However, it has been shown that the incidence of football game game game injuries can be reduced by adopting confused soil prevention strategies including warm-up, with an emphasis on stretching, proper medical attention for injuries, appropriate convalescence methods and time, appropriate cool-down, use of protective equipment good performing field conditions and adherence to existing rules (Dvorak et al 2000).Physical conditioning interventions have been shown to provide operative numeral a profit in the prevention of injuries in growns (Caraffa et al., 1996), particularly with respect to the reduction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Similarly, in s choolgirlisher boyish antheral (Junge et al., 2002) and female football players (Mandelbaum et al 2005) and in other squad sports (Emery et al., 2005) the usefulness of exercise-based conditioning programmes for tarnish prevention has been shown.Whilst it is clear that sport- specific potential prepargon programmes that include a balance instruct comp hotshotnt are issueive in improving physical condition and reducing the peril of brand in mature supporters, there is lack of support on much(prenominal) strategies among younger football players. There is a need to determine how physical conditioning intervention benefits younger children since they are skeletally immature and when dynamic in sport, are susceptible to a range of hard- and soft-tissue injuries (Frank et al., 2007).Sport injuries could be one of the main reasons why athletic supporters drop-out from sports or stop playing prematurely. However, other factors whitethorn also predispose to the prevalence of dr opping out, for instance the condition of the playing field. In most countries, football is traditionally played on natural hatful but for climatic and economic reasons, unsubstantial turf has become a popular alternative playing surface. However, till date, the risk of injury on artificial turfs is poorly documented (Steffen et al., 2007). There is a chance that playing on different surfaces or switching between turfs may lead to an increased risk of injury in elite as head as in amateur football.2. Literature Review2.1 Conceptual Framework of StudyIn this study, selective information-based participant football players will subject to The 11 schooling programme to elucidate the effects physical instruction execution. On other side The 11 is a time-efficient injury prevention program, and can after a short period of Familiarization is pinpointd in 10-15 minutes (F-MARC, 2005). The exercises require no equipment except a ball, and are meant to be part of the warm-up period ea ch training session, replacing similar exercises often used during warm-up. The 11 includes ten exercises, focusing on content st readiness, balance, dynamic stabilization, and eccentric hamstring strength. Training programme will increase positive effects for approaches of physical actionance that involve fork forcefulness, Coordination and Explosive phase Power, means Stability and Muscular Endurance , make haste, football game-Specific insouciance. These positive effects will reflex obviously on injury incidence among young football players that vector sum in decreasing injury risk and injury rate. Figure 1. Show the Conceptual framework to indicate effects of training on physical performance and injuries.2.2 FIFAs The 11 a prevention programmeThe 11 comprises 10 evidence-based or best- entrust exercises beingness enhanced by education and promotion of Fair Play. The programme is designed to reduce football injury, such as ankle sprains, hamstring and groin strains, an d ligament injuries in the knee. The 11 requires no equipment other than a ball, can be complete in 10 to 15 minutes and should be performed routinely in every training session. The programme can be performed on the field with the players wearing a guidance their usual equipment and football shoes. The exercises can be carried out anywhere at any time, ideally daily and non only during training sessions or assure days (Dvorak, J. 2005).The effectiveness of FIFAs The 11 to actually reduce injury incidence and physical performance in football has yet to be determined, for any hop on group or level of player. The impact of The 11 programme on actual injury risk is not possible to determine from the data stack away in the present study. However, the observed melioratements in physical attributes and findings of previous longitudinal studies (Hart, et al., 2001) would suggest that The 11 has the potential to reduce injury risk across the old age range. Whilst no data currently exis ts showing the efficacy of exercise-based injury prevention programmes for young players, data from slightly older players is considered. However, we acknowledge the limitations in speculating on injury prevention using different populations drawn from other studies. In a study involving 42 female high school football players aged 14- 18 years, Heidt et al. (2000) demonstrated that a 7-week indivi three-foldized, football-specific, pre-season training programme (focusing on cardiovascular conditioning, plyometrics, strength training and flexibility) was successful in significantly (p The 11. More recently, (Mandelbaum et al, 2005) investigated the effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programme in adolescent football players over a 2 year period and inform a reduction in ACL injury of 88% (Year 1) and 74% (Year 2) compared to a control group. Collectively, these studies clearly show the effectiveness and usefulness of such programmes for injury prevention pur poses in adolescent sport participants. Whilst speculation can only be made until further studies are conducted, it is possible that the The 11 would offer similar benefits to previous conditioning interventions, specifically to young players, and betaly, across the age/experience continuum.2.3 Physical PerformanceAll sports are a combine of technique, tactics, physical seaworthiness and psychological fitness. The complexity of football is such that the relative importance of each of these vari suitables can change from game to game. Probably one of the reasons that football is played by so many is that the game requires no specific gifts to be successful. Some games have traits that are unique to but a few, such as strength and power for American football, height for basketball, f emergence for panacheers, or fortitude for distance running. Football, while not requiring any specific trait for success, does require some ability in all aspects of physical fitness (Dvorak, et a l 2000). However, explosive efforts during sprints, duels, dancings, and kicks are important performance factors in football, requiring maximal strength and anaerobic power of the neuromuscular system (Hoff Helgerud, 2004). Low physical fitness may therefore contribute to an increased injury risk. In preventing injuries, increased strength has been shown beneficial in male (Askling et al 2003) and female athletes (Knapik et al 1991). In addition, jumping height among young females (Emery et al 2005) and estimated VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake) among female and male football players could not be associated to injury risk. To conclude, there is little knowledge active the potential kind between physical fitness and injury risk.2.3.1 Leg PowerMany studies have reported that in soccer games, aerobic and anaerobic power are important features Players of a Danish first-division junior soccer team performed 76 high- persuasiveness runs of 12 to 15 m during a soccer match. Therefore, sp rint running performance, with or without the ball, is an important factor that may explain the superiority of a winning team. In addition, (Stolen et al). reported that 96% of sprint bouts during a soccer game are shorter than 30 m, with 49% being shorter than 10 m. In this context, it must be emphasized that the 10-m performance (or even shorter distances such as 5 m or power production from a stationary start) is a relevant test variable in modern soccer. This may be decisive in critical ball duals. Similarly, jumping performances might be considered as determinant of physical demands during soccer duals. The power produced depends on both force and focal ratio Power is outlined as the combination of strength and speed. In any sport explosive movement is critical for improving performance. In sports like tennis, football, basketball, and football sprinting from one side of the court or field to another is an important part of winning. Also in many situations, to score endings or to stop goals being scored, the player should be alacritous and more powerful than the opponent. Moreover, by increasing force in appropriate bodybuilders or muscles groups, acceleration and speed may improve in skills critical to football such as turning, sprinting, and changing pace.In many situations, to score goals or to stop goals being scored, the player should be loyaler and more powerful than the opponent. Moreover, by increasing force in appropriate muscles or muscles groups, acceleration and speed may improve in skills critical to soccer such as turning, sprinting, and changing pace (3). Soccer is becoming more and more acrobatic and to win a running or jumping dual or to catch the ball before the opponent and to score, high short-term muscle power is necessary. The power produced depends on both force and speeding.2.3.2 Coordination and Explosive Leg PowerModern football requires a high level of physical conditioning throughout a competitive season. Therefore, one of the most important aims of training programs in the preparation (pre-season) period is to improve football-specific strength. Football-specific strength is a concept which is extensively used in training practice and can be defined as the ability of a football player to use muscle strength and power effectively and consistently in spite of appearance a game and a whole season (Bangsbo, 1994).Also, during a football game, each player performs several dynamic movements (headers, cutting, tackling, sprints, and kicks) which require a very good level of muscle strength, power and endurance .Strength in its various forms (maximum and explosive strength, rate of force development) plays a critical role on performance of such skills (Cabri et al 1988). Football practice suggests that a football player postulate to develop a level of maximum strength and power, which is utilized effectively within the game (Buhrle, 1985).Moreover, typical athletic movements are characterized by the oc currence of a special strength variant which is called explosive leg strength. Explosive strength is defined as the individual ability of the neuromuscular system to manifest strain in the shortest possible time-span (Verhoanski, 1979). In his definition of explosive strength, (Zatziorsky, 1995) introduced the notion of reversible strength which consists of two phases the eccentric (stretch) and homocentric (shortening) phase. The concentric phase should follow the muscle extension phase that precedes it as soon as possible. These kinds of muscle actions are used when hitting a ball, in a running start and during jumps (Stojanovi Nei 2005). The stretching and shortening cycles are characteristic of plyometrics training. The elastic characteristics of muscles and the reflex function have a significant influence on the stretching of muscles. The muscle stretching reflex is included in the SSC (stretch shortening cycle).For a high quality eccentric- concentric contraction, three impor tant conditions have to be satisfied the timely activation of the musculature just prior to the eccentric contraction, the short duration of the eccentric contraction and the instant slickness from the stretching phase to the shortening phase (Komi Gollhofer, 1997).In addition, it has been demonstrated that explosive-type resistance training is more effective in improving vertical jump compared to high-resistance training. However, it has also been reported that resistance training does not always result in enhancement of vertical jump, which is affected by other factors such as learning effect training status and volume training. Other studies reported that combined training programs including resistance and explosive unloaded tasks such as throwing, jumping or squawk in the same training session may improve muscular strength and the speed of execution on the task term changes in football players repeated sprint ability is not documented. the jumping ability depends on inter lim b coordination, muscle type fiber and occasionally, on maximum strength, depending on the level of the player vertical jump is improved through various types of training interventions, such as jumping exercises, depth jump, resistance training and combination of plyometrics exercises and electro stimulation, also starting power is necessary for sports that require high speed to stay a given distance in the shortest time possible. Athletes must be able to generate maximum force at the beginning of a muscular contraction to create a high initial speed. A fast start, either from a low position as in sprinting or from a tackling position in football, depends on the reaction time and power the athlete can exert at that instant.In summary, Vertical jump performance is determined not only by the strength of the muscles of the lower body, but by the rate at which the muscles can develop force, the speed with which they can contract and still maintain force output, the ability to utilize th e stretch-shortening cycle to maximize the jump height and the degree of coordination and skill in performing the movements. Traditional weight training strength will only increase jump height in athletes who exhibit low initial strength. If the athlete is already strong, training should concentrate on improving rate of force development and muscle power output.2.3.3 Core Stability and Muscular EnduranceThe effectiveness of core stability type exercises for treating or preventing lower back and lower and upper extremity injuries. Core stability exercises performed for rehabilitation purposes are often performed on unstable equipment such as a Swiss ball, wobble board, low density mat, or air modify disc.However core stability can be developed with exercises that are structured to emphasize muscular characteristics such as endurance, strength, exercises designed to develop these characteristics should be performed to mimic the movement patterns encountered during sports participati on. Therefore, the majority of core stability exercises should be performed with free weights while standing. The traditional free weight lifts commonly performed while standing on stable ground provide a great tackation for further core stability training. However, all of these lifts emphasize trunk movement and stabilization in the sagittal plane. Therefore, athletes should consider performing other lifts that involve trunk movement and stabilization in the frontal, transverse, and diagonal planes. Many times an athlete must dress a skill while supported on a single leg, and research has demonstrated higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) core muscle activity when resistance exercises were performed unilaterally versus bilaterally. Therefore, ground based free weight lifts should be modified periodically to focus on unilateral strength and power development (Vera at el, 2000). Moreover, strength training for sports must be based on the specific physiological requirements of the sport and must result in the development of either power or muscle endurance. Furthermore, strength training must revolve around the needs of planning-periodization for that sport and employ training methods specific to a given training phase, with the goal of reaching peak performance at the time of major competitions. Strength, speed and endurance are the important abilities for successful performance. The dominant ability is the one from which the sport requires a higher contribution (for instance. endurance is the dominant ability in long-distance running). Most sports require peak performance in at least two abilities.Power, the ability to perform an explosive movement in the shortest time possible, results from the integration of maximum strength and speed. The combination of endurance and speed is called speed-endurance, a relationship of high methodical importance exists among strength, speed, and endurance. A solid foundation for specialized training is built during th e initial years of training. This sport-specific phase is a requirement for all national-level and elite athletes who aim for precise training effects. As a result of specific exercises, the adaptation process occurs in accordance with an athletes specialization. For elite athletes, the relationship among strength, speed, and endurance is dependent on the sport and the athletes needs (Tudor, 2001). In conclusion, there are two types of endurance, short and long range. Short endurance refers to ability to sprint womb-to-tomb and long endurance is more general and it help pull off an entire match. Its important to know that endurance isnt just about being able to run for the ball longer in a match. However, core stability training should receive some attention in the training programs of all athletes.2.3.4 SpeedSpeed plays in football an important role, the accelerated pace of the game calls for rapid execution of typical movements by every member in a team. In many instances, succes sful implementation of certain technical or tactical maneuvers by different team members is directly related with the degree of velocity deployed (Kollath Quade, 1993).Football players running speed can be improved following several types of training interventions such as sprint training, towing, over speed and specific plyometrics exercises, fit in to the Dawson study (2003), the large majority of sprints performed in football take six seconds or less to complete, over distances of only 10-30 meters, and many of the sprints involve at least one change of direction. As running speed increases, longer strides are taken. In this instance, the swing phase involves great knee flexion and hip extension, and greater hip flexion in the latter part of the phase (Howe, 1996).During football games, many actions affect the result of games. These actions are characterized by intermittent and multi-directional movements, as well as the movements of changing intensity and time. (Reilly Ball 1 984) stated that each game typically involves about 1000 changes of activity by each individual in the course of play, and each change requires abrupt acceleration or deceleration of the body or an alteration in the direction of motion. Specific physical and physiological characteristics of football players can be used by coaches to modify training programs and to help players prepare for the game strategy. The modern football relies on the ability of all players to attack and defend whenever necessary. Therefore, it is important that all players achieve a high level of performance in the basic skills of kicking, passing, trapping, dribbling, tackling and heading. Analysis of the physical and physiological characteristics of the players and endeavor of the specific requirements for optimal performance are thus a necessity (Tiryaki et al., 1996).When running with a ball, much shorter strides are taken as the player must be ready to change direction and speed. At the toe-off phase, t he leg may not be as extended heel stride may not be as pronounced, rather the foot may land in a more neutral position or be plantar flexed It is cognise that players with sprint skills have advantage over other players, accelerating power refers to the capacity to achieve high acceleration. Sprinting speed or acceleration depends on the power and facility of muscle contraction to drive the arms and legs to the highest stride frequency, the shortest contact phase when the leg reaches the ground and the highest propulsion when the leg pushes against the ground for a powerful forrader drive. The capacity of athletes to accelerate depends on both arm and leg force. Specific strength training for high acceleration will benefit most team sport athletes from wide receivers in football to wingers in rugby or strikers in football (Howe, 1996).In conclusion, football coaches focused on their athletes for endless sprints of the training speed purpose. It must be understood that this type of training does not amount to quantifiable speed work. Training stimulus in which athletes are asked to perform repeated efforts with limited rest time (especially when the symptom logy of the effort includes breathlessness, excessive sweating or an increase in lactic acid production) is not an efficient or realistic means by which to increase speed. Speed training involves a deliberate focus on the efficiency of motion, a targeted directing towards nervous system activation and adequate rest periods so as to allow this efficiency sequence to be repeated without undue fatigue2.3.5 Football-Specific AgilityAgility is the ability to change the bodys position, and requires a combination of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength, endurance and stamina. Agility is usually achieved when a person is using their anaerobic systems. For example, in football, an lively player can respond faster to an opposing player, closing down or jockeying. An agile player has the ability to e xplosively break, change direction and accelerate again.Also, lightsomeness is an essential attribute if a football player is going to give 100% effort and commitment during a match. Regardless of your position you need to be able to accelerate and change direction quickly. For example, a wide player must be able to dribble past an opponent using both feet and tricks. This requires the development of speed and agility. In football, the ability to accelerate, decelerate and rapid movements in all directions is more important than simply running fast. There are various methods of improving a players agility, these exercises and drills can be completed with or without a ball. In addition, agility refers to the capability to change the direction of the body abruptly. The ability to turn quickly, dodge and sidestep calls for good motor coordination and is reflected in a standardized agility run test. (Reilly, 1996).Agility tests comprise different directional movements with changes betw een 35 m and 142 m in area (Haywood, 1986). Wilmore has defined agility as the ability to change movement direction, and it constitutes conjunction of sprint, strength, stability and coordination factors. Also, agility is the product of a complex combination of speed. Coordination, flexibility and power as demonstrated in gymnastics, wrestling, football, football, volleyball, baseball, boxing, diving and figure skating when agility and flexibility combine, the result is mobility, the ability to cover a playing area quickly with good timing and coordination Too, agility training is particularly useful to football players who fatigued much of the game cutting, pivoting and abject side to side. Also, agility can help on several levels in football. Goalkeepers will have better reflexes and theyll be able to get to high balls quicker if theyre more agile. Defenders will be harder to dribble and their tackles will be more accurate and clean with the right level of agility. Midfielders c an dribble with ease if theyre agile and strikers work well around their quickness in order to get in front of the defender and finish on crosses, or dribble their way to goal when possible(Wilmore, 1992).In conclusion, an essential element of successful football performance is agility, change direction quickly and deceives the opposition. Performing these movements while dribbling with alternate feet requires big effort and control. This requires development of speed and agility.2.4 Incidence of Injury among young football playersIn contrast, several prospective studies have documented the injury incidence and patterns in players older than 12 years, where the incidence seems to increase with increasing age. Players in the 16- to 18-year age group appear to have injury incidences comparable with those of adult players. Because of the paucity of data on injuries among children playing organized football, we wanted to investigate whether there are differences between children aged 6 through 12 years playing 5- or 7-a-side football and adolescents aged 13 through 16 years playing regular 11-a-side football (Froholdt et al, 2009).In addition, in youth football, rule changes to reduce rough contact leading to ball control may have a potential for decreasing injury. Researchers have studied the relation of football injuries to age. Higher judge of injury occur in the older male (16 -18 years). In age-matched players, relatively poor muscular strength has been shown to be associated with higher rates of injury. In one study involving male and female players, the highest injury rates were reported for the oldest girls (17-19 years), and the lowest rates were reported for the youngest girls (9 to13 years) (Kucera at el 2005).The incident of injury in red-hot Zealand school teams playing football is high when compared with other youth team sports, probably because of the low ratio of hours spent in training relative to hours spent playing matches. Specifically, the incidence of match injuries was more than twice as high in rugby players compared with football players, the greater severity of rugby injuries was shown by the higher incidence of fractures and dislocations in the rugby players compared with the football players (Junge, et al 2004). In summary, Prevention programs, fair play, and the continuing improvement of skills may reduce the incidence of injuries among young football players in the long term.2.4.1 Injury Rate in Youth FootballInjury rate provides an estimate of the chance that an athlete will experience an injury during a specified time or exposure interval. Injury rate is defined as the number of injuries per 1000 hours of player activity time, or number of injuries per 1000 athlete exposures. Athlete-exposure is one athlete participating in one competition or one training session where he/she is exposed to the possibility of being injured, no matter what amount of time is involved. For example, two competitions involving 4 0 participants and three training sessions involving 50 participants would result in a total of 230 athlete exposures. (Knowles et al. 2006).On the other hand, male players have higher injury rates than female players during competition. One possible reason is that male players are usually playing at higher competitive levels. The more competitive the match, the greater the speed of movement and more body contact, all of which increase the chances of injury. On the other hand, male players have higher injury rates than female players during competition. One possible reason is that male players are usually playing at higher competitive levels. The more competitive the match, the greater the speed of movement and more body contact, all of which increase the chances of injury (Wong Hong, 2005).2.4.2 Injury Risk in Youth FootballInjury risk is the probability of an athlete sustaining an injury. Data on injury risk in seasonal elite football revealed surprisingly high injury rates for 1 5 to19 year-old French female football players. These figures reflect similar or even higher injury rates than recorded in adult elite level female football. The incidence of match injuries was also notably higher than match injury rates found among male youth and adolescent football players, suggesting that adolescent elite female football players are at high injury risk. Mismatches in biological maturity between young athletes may also have implications for an increased injury risk, specifically in sports that are characterised by physical contact between teammates and opponents for example, in ball team sports and martial(a) arts. Competing regularly against older, more mature, and heavier opponents may lead to a higher incidence of injury in younger athletes (Kathrin et al 2010).In addition, Football has a higher injury rate than many contact, collision sports such as field hockey, rugby, basketball, and football, although in community study of 7- to 13 year-old players, footba ll did have a higher percentage of serious injuries and higher frequency of injury per team per season. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), through its National Electronic Injury inspection System, estimated that there were 186544 football-related injuries in 2006.Approximately 80% of these injuries affected participants younger than 24 years, and approximately 44% occurred in participants younger than 15 years. It is unfortunate that there is a wide variation in the reported incidence of football injuries as a result of study differences in factors such as level of competition, intensity of exposure, definition, classifications, and reporting of injuries. Because of difficulties with interestedly comparisons, standard definitions and methodology have been proposed to ensure consistent and comparable results in the future.With respect to age, participants younger than 15 years tend to have a higher relative injury risk and greater prevalence of injuries compared with older players. According to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, football injuries among young athletes in the United States occur at a peak of injuries per 1000 participants. 10 For football players older than 12 years, rates of 4 to 7.6 injuries per 1000 player-hours have been reported. oer an entire football season, girls and boys teams may expect 4.0 and 3.5 injuries per season, respectively. It is notable that the risk of injury is greater during competition than during practice sessions.Although suffering a previous injury within the past year confers a 1.74 relative risk of a new injury, there have been no consistent findings to support a higher risk to any position on the field. Some have reported overall injury rates to be similar between boys and girls, but others have found higher prevalence of injuries in female players, with girls having an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and concussions and being more likely than boys to be injur ed in training situations. In contrast, boys have a greater relative risk of injury during competition (Chris et al 2009).In summary, the young elite athlete seems to be subjected to a high injury risk. However, the current knowledge on injury risk for this population is a part from football, based on few and for the most part small studies. Large prospective investigations are needed in most sports (Kathrin et al 2010).3. Problem StatementFootball is the highest incidence of sports injury and like most sports higher rates of injury occur in the young football players, especially in the 14 to16 year old players than in the 16 to18 year old players. there are many reasons lead to the occurrence of these injuries such as young football players due to lack of awareness of injury prevention, insufficient preparation, technical movements are not standardized, also this might be explained by weaknesses in techniques and tactics as well as in muscle strength, endurance, and coordination in the less experienced, younger players, too youth football players are they sometimes do not understand the importance and seriousness of some things that needs to be done. Sometimes, because o